Navigation NA Answers - CES Deck, Management

Welcome to the website where you can pass online the CES test on the subject «Deck Management Navigation». Practice like this will help you as a marine specialist improve your knowledge with the help of online studying and appraisal practice. CES based on practical information and marine specialists experience.

CES tests developed for evaluating seaman basic knowledge by Seagull Company (rebranded as «OTG»), is an evaluating online-tool, used for revealing any professional preparation needed in specific fields of knowledge, defined by STCW.

Version: 6.0.0.
Test type: STCW.
Department: Deck.
Level: Management.
Vessel type: any.
Area: Navigation – NA.

CES tests have proven themselves as good tools for the selection and recruitment process, as well as advancing the level of knowledge of the current officers and crew. Ocean Technologies Group use various subjects for question creation, which includes:

Crowd and Crisis Management;
Integrated Navigation System (INS);
Ballast water management;
Handling and Stowage;
Vessel operation management and safety;
Marine engineering;
Maintenance and repair, etc.

Current test contains Seagull CES questions on the subject «Deck Management Navigation». Those questions can be used for competence verification specialist capable of preventing accidental situations related with transporting safety, or also for self-examination.

«Navigation» subject includes theoretical and practical information about advanced training for work on any type of vessel. Knowledge of this information directly shows employee’s competence who holds a relevant post on a vessel. An officer on navigation duty on a vessel is responsible for various tasks related to the safe and efficient navigation of the ship. Some of their key responsibilities include monitoring and maintaining the vessel’s position and course using navigational instruments such as GPS, charts, radar, and compasses. Also planning and executing the vessel’s route, taking into consideration factors such as weather conditions, traffic separation schemes, navigational hazards, and port regulations and etc.

On this site Crew Evaluation System Test on the subject «Deck Management Navigation» contains 44 questions you need to answer with no possibility to go back to previous question. Therefore, we recommend carefully reading each question and making decision with no hurry. In case you have some difficulty answering, you have also possibility to request a hint.

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Amount of questions: 44.

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Code: EYfeuCfH According to the International Labour Organisation, how often should lifting appliances and items of loose gear be thoroughly inspected by a competent person?

Biannually.

Every 5 years.

Annually.

Every 6 years.

Code: RTdlXK40 Which of the options best describes how a "Balanced Rudder" is constructed?

There is equal rudder area forward and aft of the turning axis, the turning axis being at the geometrical centre of the rudder area.

The rudder has an additional flap attached to the trailing edge to improve rudder efficiency.

Part of the rudder area is forward of the turning axis, therefore reducing the load on the steering motor.

The rudder is operated by two steering motors providing equal amounts of power to the rudder.

Code: #OLAXleO Your watchkeeper has just informed you that the vessel has collided with a sailing vessel. What action should be taken?

Call the company, explain the situation and ask for instructions.

Tell the watchkeeper to sort out the problem.

Tell the watchkeeper to proceed on passage.

Alarm the rescue centre and commerce searching for survivors.

Code: Si$6E3L1 At what calendar interval is a class renewal/Special Survey required?

At 20 years and every 5 years thereafter.

Annually.

5 years.

Every 2 1/2 years.

Code: i9cJaF8K How are the effects of squat seen on a moving vessel?

There will be a reduction of the vessel's underkeel clearance and a possible change of trim.

There will be an increase in the vessels draught while moving through the water.

Heel can result on a vessel with a large block coefficient and a speed reduction.

There will be a change of draught and a reduction in the speed.

Code: 7wDyEWKC Your vessel has been involved in a minor collision. What will your actions be following the collision?

Make sure your vessel + crew are safe and then offer your assistance to the other vessel.

Call the Company DPO and the local state if close to the coast.

Continue the voyage to your destination monitoring for water ingress.

All of the answers are correct.

Code: YNujgCI9 Would the indicated ground speed be suitable when berthing a large vessel?

The indicated speed would be a normal speed approaching a berth.

The speed requirements are decided by the pilot and should not be the concern of the OOW.

The approach speed is way too fast, even for a vessel in ballast.

The approach speed is essential to maintain steerage when coming alongside.

Code: stdgZC3C Your vessel is involved in a collision with another vessel. What should you as Master tell the Master on the other vessel?

Explain your actions prior to the collision and request details of actions taken by the other vessel which resulted in the collision.

Name of vessel; IMO number; Port of registry; Port of destination of your vessel.

There should be no communication with the other vessel.

That their actions were totally wrong and it is their fault.

Code: G6Fi#86D What has the most influence on the turning effect from an attached tug?

Having a tug attached to the bow on a tug line.

The position of the applied tug force relative to the ship's pivot point.

Having a tug attached to a fairlead close to the pivot point.

Having a tug attached to the stern centre lead on a tug line.

Code: 4fZeqDrg When planning to cross an ocean, is it always best to use great circle sailing?

No - because a Mercator course is more efficient, less distance and easier to follow.

Yes - because it is the easiest sailing to compute and then follow.

No - because there could be environmental or regulatory restrictions.

Yes - because an ECDIS in track control will do the computation and steer the route.

Code: HBlu2qkj According to the International Labour Organisation, how often should lifting appliances be re-tested?

Annually.

2 1/2 years.

2 years.

5 years.

Code: sFUqppMC The ship is approaching shallow water where the Under Keel Clearance will reduce to about 0,25 of the ship's draught. Which of the following answers most accurately summarizes the aspects to be considered when deciding a suitable speed?

A further reduction of underkeel clearance and possible changes of the ship's trim.

Touching the bottom if there is any swell and causing damage due to the wake or wash of the vessel.

All of the suggested answers.

A reduced ability to stop the vessel and maintain steerage.

Code: WfsSpl5A A tug is connected to the bow of a vessel. Will the force exerted by it be the same at any ahead speed?

No, on the bow the tug uses power to run with the vessel, which reduces the available power on the towline.

No, when the ahead speed of the ship increases the force exerted by the tug will also increase.

Yes, because when moving ahead a tug can use indirect towing methods.

Yes, the force would normally be expected to be the same at any speed of the ship.

Code: y7Me3$yx The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations, Chapter 5, deals with the Safety of Navigation and applies to which vessels?

To ALL vessels that go to sea.

To vessels with deadweight over 10 000 tons.

To all vessels and all voyages with exceptions.

To vessels over a certain size.

Code: vqsiNCPE What is the world-wide system operated by the US Coast Guard exclusively in support of search and rescue operations?

The International Search and Rescue Coordination System.

The US Command and Control Rescue (USCOMR) Service.

The Worldwide Maritime Mutual Assistance Programme (WMMAP).

The Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue (AMVER) System.

Code: 3fQNCp7y Whilst sailing through a narrow coastal passage, an ECDIS alarm indicates that number 1 GPS HDOP value is outside set limits. What should happen on the bridge?

The receiver should be checked and the vessel's position confirmed by other means.

Number 2 GPS should be selected as the primary receiver and the number 1 GPS switched off.

The watchkeeper should call the master and then adjust the limit so that the alarm is removed.

The ECDIS should be switched off as it will now be in DR mode and misleading to the bridge team.

Code: vyDsfFJP You are a Senior Officer of the Watch on vessel "A" and are passing through the Straits of Gibraltar. The vessel's speed is 18 knots and your vessel is overtaking several other vessels, when the visibility reduces down to about 2 nm. What aspects would you consider when establishing a "safe speed" for your vessel?

Number 2 GPS should be selected as the primary receiver and the number 1 GPS switched off.

The receiver should be checked and the vessel's position confirmed by other means.

The watchkeeper should call the master and then adjust the limit so that the alarm is removed.

The ECDIS should be switched off as it will now be in DR mode and misleading to the bridge team.

Safe speed should be where the vessel can come to a stop within the visible range.

Deciding safe speed consider: 2 miles visibility; traffic density; manoeuvring of vessel; effectiveness of navigational equipment (ARPA etc); state of sea and currents and navigational hazards.

A safe speed is where a vessel can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within an appropriate distance.

Adjust my track to follow Route 1 or 2 illustrated and reduce speed down to half speed, approximately 8 knots.

Code: ajXcRHox Which method illustrated is the proven way to get two vessels in open water safely alongside each other for a ship to ship transfer operation? Note that not all the vessels are moving.

When the smaller vessel is at anchor, fig. 3.

When the larger vessel is at anchor, fig. 2.

When the larger vessel is stopped and drifting in the water, fig. 4.

When both vessels are making way, fig. 1.

Code: 7RBDbr80 According to the IAMSAR Manual, what is the expected survival time for a person in water of temperature over 20 °C?

Less than 24 hours because of hypothermia.

Between 18-24 hours depending upon their size..

Indefinite, depending on fatigue state

Less than 12 hours if they have little body fat.

Code: aLglzox6 With a davit launched lifeboat, what weight is required by SOLAS regulations to be used for the 5 yearly test of the davit and brake system?

1,25 times the total weight of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

0,8 times the total weight of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment and stores.

The equivalent to the total weight of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

1,1 times the total weight of the lifeboat when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

Code: TX4yMb8f As a result of being in collision with your vessel, the other vessel involved is on fire. What are your responsibilities to it?

The other vessel is in distress and if possible I will render assistance.

Your vessel should manoeuvre close to the other vessel and aid the fire-fighting operation.

There is no statutory requirement to provide assistance as the actions of that vessel were the primary cause of the collision.

You should continue on with the voyage if your damage is not serious.

Code: 5XW0Ryxo Which SOLAS certificate carried onboard has details of a vessel's bulkhead fire ratings?

The Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate.

The Cargo Ship Safety Construction Certificate.

The Safety Management Certificate.

The MODU Safety Certificate.

Code: qlhb7dt$ Your vessel has been involved in a collision and has developed a list. After sounding the general alarm and informing others of the situation, what other immediate steps should be taken?

All of the options.

Prepare for abandoning ship keeping all parties informed of the situation.

Assess the compartments flooded to determine the remaining stability.

Start discharging water using available means. Monitor water ingress and any increase of draft or list to determine if the situation has stabilised.

Code: VKqV3sjM What is the name of the reference manual, jointly produced by the International Maritime Organisation and the International Civil Aviation Authority, which currently outlines the organisation and management of search and rescue activities at sea?

The Search and Rescue (IMOSAR) Manual.

The International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue (IAMSAR) Manual.

The Merchant Ship Search and Rescue (MERSAR) Manual.

The International Maritime Search and Rescue (IMARSAR) Manual.

Code: ayk04dxV Which option best completes the following statement? The version of the IHO presentation library on the ECDIS is important because:

It is where the files for maintenance of the system software are stored.

It influences the colours on the display.

It allows ECDIS to decide on the scale setting of the chart.

If it is not the latest version, the ECDIS will not be compliant.

Code: tFydeQbo Why does a vessel slow down in shallow water even though the engine revolutions stay the same?

It does not, it stays at the same speed.

Because the vessel's hull starts to interact with the sea floor.

The propeller thrust is reduced because of the increased water density.

Because there is increased wave action.

Code: J64YhDc7 Who will have the authority to take charge and make appropriate decisions in the event of a vessel emergency when transiting the Panama Canal?

The Master and Pilot will agree the best course of action to be taken to resolve the emergency situation.

The ship's company.

The ship's Master.

The Panama Canal Authority.

Code: fD$omPMu When a SOLAS vessel is required to have an emergency tow, what would be the best way to connect a tug?

Using the vessel's emergency towing arrangement.

Using a bridle made up from the vessel's anchor chains.

With the towline led around the base of the windlass pedestal and shackled off.

With the towline turned up on a set of bits on the forecastle deck.

Code: ipx7nJQ5 Where on the hull is the theoretical position of the hydrodynamic pivot point, when going ahead turning?

1/4 of vessel's length from the stern.

1/3 of the vessel's length from the bow.

Normally varies dependant on the speed ahead.

Amidships.

Code: NUWn3B6o In what format will an On-Scene Co-ordinator report such information as on-scene weather and operation progress to other parties?

POSREP.

SARREP.

SITREP.

OSCREP.

Code: qJgpuVPV Where would you find the document relating to the "Condition of Freeboard Assignment" onboard?

With the Loadline Certificate.

With the Classification Records.

With the Structural Survey File.

With the Safety Construction Certificate.

Code: FV$RKRf7 How often under SOLAS, is the performance test of a Voyage Data Recorder required by an approved testing or servicing facility?

At the International Safety Equipment Survey.

Annually.

When the battery is replaced.

When the data media is downloaded.

Code: FV$RKRf8 How often under SOLAS, is the performance test of a Voyage Data Recorder required by an approved testing or servicing facility?

Annually.

At the International Safety Equipment Survey.

When the battery is replaced.

When the data media is downloaded.

Code: Mqd9bSOT Your vessel is progressing within a Traffic Separation Scheme and receives a navigational warning of another vessel progressing the wrong way within the scheme. What actions should be taken on the bridge, if any?

Move into the inshore traffic zone.

Call the rogue vessel and point out its position.

Slow down your vessel and proceed with caution, posting extra lookouts.

Proceed on passage and monitor the rogue vessel.

Code: Xpt7HUV2 If the wind speed on a vessel doubles, by approximately how much will the force from it rise?

The force will be Tripled.

The force will be Doubled.

The force will be Quintupled.

The force will be Quadrupled.

Code: 9gTctCvB The ship is in a shallow water starboard turn and the fore and aft Doppler log sensors show a sideways motion to port. Where would the theoretical pivot point be located?

At a position outside and aft of the hull.

At a position aft of amidships.

At a position outside and forward of the hull.

At a position on the centreline, about 1/6 of the ship's length forward of the rudder post.

Code: V0oLC64z What factors should influence the speed set on a vessel when connecting up a tug?

It is best to stop the vessel completely before connecting, so there should be no speed.

The type of tug and the size of its towline.

The location of the vessel and the type of fairleads that it has.

The type of tug and its desired position on the vessel.

Code: k6Km7O1$ When using an ENC chart to passage planning, why should a scale at or near its compilation scale always be used?

It is only at this scale that route validation is possible.

The chart detail is correct for its usage band.

That is incorrect, as any ENC can be zoomed in or out for passage planning.

It is only at this scale that a route can be plotted.

Code: ktJbesFT What type of search pattern is recommended in the IAMSAR Manual as most effective for a single vessel, when the location of the search object is known within relatively close limits?

Track Line Search.

Expanding Square Search.

Parallel Sweep Search.

Sector Search.

Code: EiiqFmgz Where on a vessel moving ahead through the water, is the most dangerous place for a tug to manoeuvre?

The most dangerous position is where the tug approaches the bow, rounding the shoulder to pass a line.

The most dangerous position is when the tug is alongside the amidships section passing a line.

The most dangerous position is where the tug approaches the stern of the larger vessel and enters into its associated positive pressure field.

There is no one position more dangerous than another, hydrodynamic effects are the same all around the hull.

Code: ZDbcnSER Where several rescue units are engaged in a search and rescue operation, one of them may be designated as the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC). Which of the following describes how this appointment will be made?

The OSC will always be designated by the Search and Rescue Mission Coordinator.

An aircraft is usually appointed as the OSC because of their speed.

The coastguard will appoint the OSC using their vessel database to assess suitability.

The role of OSC is only taken by a naval ship close to the area.

Code: T$DunCqD For the same vessel and the same rudder angle, is the diameter of the turning circle completed at full ahead smaller than one completed at half ahead?

Yes, it would be a much smaller turning circle at half ahead.

No, it will be much larger turning circle at half ahead.

Yes, there would be a change of shape of the turning circle; it would have an increase in the transfer, but not the advance.

No, the diameter of the turning circle would be almost the same.

Code: FZlkHHFD How many square metres does the IAMSAR Volume 3 manual suggest may be calmed by releasing 200 litres of lubricating oil slowly through a rubber hose with the outlet maintained just above the surface while the ship proceeds at slow speed?

Approx. 5 000 square metres.

Approx. 500 square metres.

Approx. 50 square metres.

Approx. 50 000 square metres.

Which organization or administration is responsible for surveys and inspections of ships, and the issue of Safety Certificates?

Ships Classification Associations (Lloyd\'s, American Bureau of Shipping, The Norwegian Veritas, Germanische Lloyd\'s, etc.).

Government Authorities of the Flag State.

Port State Control authorities only.

International Maritime Organization (IMO) directly.

Subject to allowance by the Port State Authority a tanker with defect oil discharge monitoring and control system (ODME) may undertake?

The vessel may continue normal tanker operations without any restrictions until the next scheduled survey.

The vessel may discharge segregated ballast overboard during the ballast voyage without using the ODME system.

The vessel will be detained until ODME is rectified.

One ballast voyage before proceeding to a repair port.

Subject to allowance by the Port State Authority, a tanker with a defective oil discharge monitoring and control system (ODME) may continue to trade for a limited period before a repair is effected. What period is allowed and what conditions apply?

The vessel may discharge her cargo but will then be detained in port until the ODME is made fully operational and approval from the PortState Authority obtained.

One ballast voyage before proceeding to a repair port.

The vessel may continue trading for 30 days provided that all oil discharges are recorded manually in the Oil Record Book.

The vessel may complete unlimited ballast voyages without an operational ODME, provided that the vessel carries out additional tank inspections.

Some centrifugal cargo pumps on oil tankers are designed with an automatic stripping system, which allows the cargo tank to fully discharge its contents. By what principle does such a stripping system operate?

By increasing the discharge pressure of the cargo pump until all remaining cargo oil is forced out of the tank.

By using compressed air to pressurize the cargo tank and push the remaining oil directly through the suction line.

On the basis that, if cargo vapour can be stopped from entering the cargo pump suction inlet, the flow will continue without cavitation.

By the optimum size and positioning of the suction inlet that feeds the automatic stripping system, which ensures that the cargo oil tank isdischarged to the maximum possible extent.

What does STCW deal with?

STCW deals with training centre and schools and standards for watch keepers.

STCW deals with minimum recommendation of education for seafarers and minimum standards for training centre and schools.

STCW deals with the construction requirements of ships and standards for shipboard equipment.

STCW deals with the certification of cargoes and procedures for safe loading and unloading operations.

A 6-men inflatable liferaft shall be carried as far forward as is reasonable and practicable. Where is the best stowing position?

Aft of the forecastle secured with the use of hydrostatic release device.

Under the forecastle.

On the top of the accommodation block secured with lashings and ready for immediate launching.

Inside the engine room area to protect the liferaft from weather exposure.

The input of an area code prefix in (radio)telex-traffic:

Differs for each country.

Has to be put in without the zero.

Has to be entered with the zero included before the area code prefix.

Must always be entered using the international country code only, without any area code prefix.

Via Inmarsat-C a message is sent to an Inmarsat-C mailbox with a positive delivery notification (PDN). The ground station will:

Not send any PDN for this message.

Send a PDN immediately after the message has been transmitted from the ship, regardless of whether it has reached the mailbox.

Send a PDN only after the recipient opens and reads the message in the Inmarsat-C mailbox.

Send a PDN, if the message has arrived in the mailbox.

You receive via the 8 MHz a DSC distress alert. The received DSC message is however distorted. The MMSI as well as the position are illegible. After listening at the 8 MHz telephone distress frequency, nothing is heard. This is because:

First an acknowledgement of a coastguard station must be received via the 8 MHz.

Telephone signals in the same frequency band are generally weaker than DSC signals.

The DSC distress alert cannot be followed by voice communication because the 8 MHz frequency is reserved only for digital transmissions.

The received DSC message is ignored because a distress alert without a readable MMSI and position information is considered invalid.

A distress-call, onboard via RCC, may only be given Receipt if:

The 0.0.- W deems it necessary.

OSC from the RCC concerned invites the vessels.

Any vessel in the vicinity may give receipt immediately without waiting for instructions from the RCC.

Receipt may only be given after the distress call has been repeated three times by the vessel in distress.

The accuracy of an Inmarsat-E positioning-system is:

20 miles.

200 meters.

2 kilometres.

50 meters.

Testing a SART is permitted:

Only at sea, outside territorial waters.

Only during an emergency situation when a survival craft has been launched.

Only during scheduled annual radio surveys carried out by authorized service personnel.

At sea, outside territorial waters, and in port or harbour.

Which of the following answers would best define the term \"risk\"?

Risk is the possibility that a dangerous situation is likely to occur.

Risk is a situation involving exposure to danger and includes both identification of the occurrence and the likelihood that it will happen.

Risk is the immediate result of an accident that has already happened and the damage caused by it.

Risk is the process of eliminating all hazards and preventing any unsafe conditions from occurring.

Which of the following items must be included in each fire drill?

Starting a fire pump using at least two required jets of water to show that the system is in proper working order.

All the items mentioned.

Testing all watertight doors and hatches throughout the vessel.

Inspecting and servicing every portable fire extinguisher on board.

What is the period of validity of the Safety Management Certificate?

5 years.

1 year.

3 years.

10 years.

A ship in distress should transmit the appropriate alarm signal followed by the distress call and message on one or all of the international distress frequencies. Which of frequencies is in accordance with the present recommendations?

550 kHz, 2 182 kHz and 121,5 MHz.

500 kHz, 4 125 kHz and 243,0 MHz.

500 kHz, 2 182 kHz and 156,8 MHz.

518 kHz, 2 187,5 kHz and 121,5 MHz.

In which of these circumstances can your ship request a DoS (Declaration of Security)?

Your ship is operating at a lower security level than the ship or port it is interfacing with.

Your ship is conducting activities with a port or ship that is not required to implement an approved security plan.

Only when the ship is carrying dangerous cargo under the IMDG Code.

Your ship is conducting activities with a port or ship that is not required to implement an approved security plan.

Which of these measures would you implement to prevent drugs from being smuggled onboard your ship while it\'s berthed?

Search some of the packages, spares and stores received.

Allow unrestricted access to contractors during cargo operations.

Maintain restricted areas.

Leave accommodation doors unlocked while in port to speed up crew movements.

A tanker in ballast, having recently left the discharge port is involved in a collision. The two vessels are still interlocked after the collision and a survey of the ships gives all crew members are safe, and the damage is focussed to the vicinity of the impact. What should be the greatest concern at this time?

The ships moving together in the swell/seaway will cause a spark and consequently an explosion.

The possibility of pollution.

The structural damage reducing the vessel\'s maximum speed.

The risk of losing navigation equipment due to electrical overload.

A system for the continuous monitoring of the concentration of hydrocarbon gas shall be fitted in cargo pump-rooms of oil tankers. A continuous alarm shall be automatically activated when the hydrocarbon gas concentration reaches a pre-set level. What are the criteria for pre-setting the alarm level?

No higher than 5 % of LEL.

No higher than 10 % of LEL.

No higher than 20 % of LEL.

No higher than 50 % of LEL.

A ship experiences an interaction effect known as \"Squat\" when moving in shallow water. The amount of Squat is affected by the speed of the vessel through the water. If the speed through the water is HALVED what will be the change in the effect of \"Squat\"?

The squat effect will also be halved.

The squat effect will be reduced to a quarter of its original value.

The squat effect will remain unchanged.

The squat effect will be doubled due to reduced under-keel clearance.

What actions should the Officer of the Watch take when the ship\'s steering gear fails?

Stop engines and display the NUC signal.

Immediately abandon the vessel and launch the lifeboats.

All of the suggested answers.

Continue on the present course until the next watch takes over.

What, by definition in the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs), is a \"vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre\"?

A vessel engaged in underwater work, such as the laying, picking up or servicing of a pipeline, or which is in support of diving operations,performing dredging and mine-clearance or is deploying or recovering a pilot.

A vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by the Rules and is therefore unable to keepout of the way of another vessel.

A vessel that is unable to alter course because of engine failure or steering gear malfunction.

Any vessel over 200 metres in length navigating in a narrow channel.

Under most circumstances, how will communication be carried out between a ship and a SAR helicopter?

On VHF Ch 16.

On 410 kHz.

On MF 2182 kHz.

On NAVTEX frequency 518 kHz.

Substances, materials and articles shall be stowed as indicated in the Dangerous Goods List of the IMDG Code, in accordance with a series of stowage categories. How are those categories designated?

Three categories, numbered I, II and III.

Six categories, numbered 1-6.

Four categories, designated Alpha, Bravo, Charlie and Delta.

5 categories, labelled A-E.

When conducting a risk assessment for a shipboard work activity, what are the two elements to be considered?

The chance of an incident re-occuring and the potential effects of an loss.

The potential severity of harm and the likelihood that harm will occur.

The cost of the operation and the time required to complete the work.

The experience of the crew and the age of the equipment.