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LNG & LPG

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) are two types of gases which are go through a process of liquefaction for transportation and storage purposes. Although similar in their liquid state, they differ significantly in composition, usage, and production methods.

LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas)

LNG is primarily methane (CH4) gas that has been cooled to a temperature of approximately -162 degrees Celsius (-260 degrees Fahrenheit). At this temperature, methane condenses into a liquid form, which takes up about 1/600 th of the volume it occupies as a gas at standard atmospheric temperature and pressure. This significant reduction in volume makes LNG economical to transport over long distances where pipelines are not feasible, such as across oceans. LNG is used mainly for heating and as a fuel for electricity generation and is increasingly used in the transportation sector, especially for ships and heavy-duty vehicles.

LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

LPG is a mixture of propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10), gases that are found naturally in crude oil and natural gas. LPG is produced during natural gas processing and oil refining. It is stored and transported in liquid form under moderate pressure, which makes it easier to store and handle compared to LNG. LPG is widely used as a fuel for heating, cooking, and in vehicles. It is also used in industrial applications and is a popular choice for portable cooking and heating equipment in areas not connected to a natural gas network.

Both LNG and LPG play crucial roles in the global energy supply, offering cleaner alternatives to traditional fossil fuels like coal and oil. They contribute significantly to reducing emissions and air pollution in various applications.

The Controlled Dispersion of Liquid Spill and Vapour Emission Incidents by Water Spray 13
Pipelines in Marine Terminals: Key Considerations for Handling Liquefied Gas 19
Floating LNG Terminals General Overview 22
Emergency Shut-Down and Emergency Release 18
Loading Arms (Hard-Arms) – Specifications, Operation, and Maintenance 27
Minimize SCC in Liquefied Ammonia Tanks 20
Comprehensive Overview of LNG and LPG Cargo Hoses in STS Operations 34
Surveys On Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) 44
Guidelines for Automatic Cargo Tank Overfill Protection Aboard Gas Carriers 27
Accident Prevention The Use of Hoses & Hard-Arms at Marine Terminals Handling Liquefied Gas 35
Surveys on Existing LNG Ships 47
The Selection and Testing of Valves for LNG Applications 30
Marine Safety System Integration and Compliance 39
LNG System Features and Controls 60
General Arrangement of LNG Custody Transfer System 81
Gas Control Station Workflow Management Guide 82
Key Components of Gas Steam Turbines: Couplings, Shafts and Bearings 121
Gas Handling Equipment for Efficient Gas Processing 104
LNG Cargo Handling Equipment in Maritime Operations 145
Key Systems for LNG Carriers Containment and Safety: Design and Operation 278
LNG Cargo Handling Systems and Their Operations 298
Engineering High Voltage Systems for LNG: Features & Safety 183
Electrical Safety in Hazardous Areas: Enclosures, Temperature Classes and LNG Carrier Zones 215
Electrical Safety in LNG Carrier Hazardous Areas 249
Reasons for Choosing High Voltage in Planning Power Systems for LNG Plants 254
Electrical Equipment for Hazardous Areas in LNG Applications 246
GT96 LNG Membrane System Special Locations and Pump Tower Install 526
GT96 Membrane System Installation Protocols for LNG Containment 458
Membrane Sheet Welding Procedure for LNG Containment Systems 331
Comprehensive Framework: Primary & Secondary Barrier Testing Protocols on LNG Tankers 409
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