Maritime Standards Explained. A Focus on EN ISO 20519, ISO/TS 18683, and Supporting Guidelines

The vast and complex world of maritime operations, encompassing everything from international shipping to offshore energy exploration, relies on a bedrock of stringent regulations and best practices. These maritime standards are not merely guidelines; they are critical frameworks designed to ensure safety at sea, protect the marine environment, and facilitate efficient global trade. As technology advances and environmental concerns grow, the evolution and adherence to these standards become increasingly vital, shaping the future of an industry that underpins the global economy.

This article will delve into the multifaceted nature of maritime standards, exploring their significance, the key organizations responsible for their development, and the ongoing challenges and innovations in their implementation.

Standards

Standards are fundamental to make the bridge between high level instruments, such as the ones presented in the previous section, and the operational, or technical, implementation of their provisions. The present section makes only reference to international standards developed and published by international standardization bodies (ISO, CEN and IEC). Other relevant references, supporting standardization in best practices, in particular the ones developed and commonly accepted by industry associations are included in Section “Other References”.

The importance of international standards in Functional and General Requirements for LNG Bunkering OperationLNG bunkering, working together with global reaching regulations, is directly related to the promotion of safety and confidence in the development of LNG as fuel for shipping. By setting out requirements for specific items, material, components, systems or equipment, or describing in detail a particular method or procedure, international standards facilitate international trade by ensuring compatibility and interoperability of components, products and services.

They bring benefits to operators and authorities in terms of reducing costs, enhancing performance and improving safety. Standards are developed and defined through a process of sharing knowledge and building consensus among technical experts nominated by interested parties and other stakeholders – including businesses, consumers and environmental groups, among others.

The formal definition of a standard is a “document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context”.

There are several different types of standards. Basically, standards include requirements and/or recommendations in relation to products, systems, processes or services. Standards can also be a way to describe a measurement or test method or to establish a common terminology within a specific sector.

European Norms (ENs) are documents that have been ratified by one of the three European Standardization Organizations (ESOs), CEN, CENELEC or ETSI; recognized as competent in the area of voluntary technical standardization in line with EU Regulation 1025/2012.

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An EN (European Standard) “carries with it the obligation to be implemented at national level by being given the status of a national standard and by withdrawal of any conflicting national standard”.

Therefore, a European Standard (EN) automatically becomes a national standard in each of the 34 CEN-CENELEC member countries. Standards are voluntary which means that there is no automatic legal obligation to apply them. However, laws and regulations may refer to standards and even make compliance with them compulsory.

The International Standardization Organization (ISO), through its TC67 and TC8 sub-committees, on materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and Managing Liquefied Natural Gas Risks in the Marine Industrynatural gas industries and Ships and Marine Technology, respectively, have been responsible for a large part of the LNG related standards that have been published, with relevance to LNG as fuel, small scale developments and bunkering. CEN, the European equivalent to ISO, has developed and published in parallel important standards for LNG equipment and safety. These are referred as EN/ISO standards.

TC67 has developed ISO/TS 18683, Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships, whilst TC8 has recently finalized EN ISO 20519.

Table 1, below, lists the standards applicable to LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) as FuelLNG as fuel, bunkering, and small scale LNG installations, considered relevant to equipment, safety and procedures in the context of LNG bunkering.

Other relevant standards are under preparation (At the date of release for the present of source):

• https://ulianovauto.ru/o-nas/ Bunker connectors = QC/DC (Marine LNG fuel bunkering quick connect/disconnect coupling), following the functional requirements outlined by ISO 20519, but taking the work up to the level of International Standard. NWIP ISO 21903.
• LNG metering – Guidance for the calibration, installation and use of flow meters for LNG and other refrigerated hydrocarbon fluids, under development as a new item proposal NWIP ISO 21903 accepted 28/09/2016.
• LNG quality.

From all the standards listed in the table 1, two particular documents are summarized below, accounting for their relevance in the context of LNG bunkering operations. They are ISO/TS 18683 and EN ISO 20519. Both standards are similar in scope and some parts of ISO/TS 18683 can even be found in the most recent standard EN ISO 20519. They both focus on the LNG bunkering interface, excluding the LNG supplier system/infrastructure, and the receiving ship, establishing the division line at the flanges from both sides (see figure 2, below).

It is relevant to mention, in the context of this Guidance, that given the normal course of ISO publications life-cycle, ISO/TS 18683 is likely to be repealed in the near future, leaving the necessary space for the International Standard (EN ISO 20519) as the reference specification for LNG bunkering.

EN ISO 20519

Specification for bunkering of liquefied natural gas fuelled vessels (published 10-2-2017).

ISO 20519:2017 is the most recent standard of relevance to LNG bunkering, setting requirements for transfer systems and equipment used to bunker LNG fuelled vessels, which are not covered by the IGC Code. This document includes the following five elements:

a) hardware: liquid and vapour transfer systems;

b) operational procedures;

c) requirement for the LNG provider to provide an LNG bunker delivery note;

d) training and qualifications of personnel involved;

e) requirements for LNG facilities to meet applicable ISO standards and local codes.

The scope of ISO 20519 is presented in figure 2, above.

An important point to note in figure 2, above, is the inclusion of the vapour return as an important point covered by the functional requirements in EN ISO 20519. It is an important point to consider that during bunkering of LNG vapour management is fundamental. A part of the LNG delivered will evaporate due to the heat transfer in the bunkering line and fuel piping onboard, down to the receiving tank. To manage pressure build-up inside the tank, it is important to address the need to return vapour from that same tank during the LNG bunkering process – standards and rulesbunkering process. Venting is not an operational option, and should only be considered in emergency.

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The scope of both EN ISO 20519 and ISO/TS 18683 is important to understand how the regulatory frame should be composed to shape a consistent and coherent legal frame for LNG bunkering. Being strictly scoped to the LNG bunkering interface and operations, both standards exclude coverage of any mobile LNG bunkering units/transport or even of any elements related to the ship side. The challenge is to provide the best compatibility instrument between all involved parties and relevant elements.

A particular element where the scope may be extended, covering aspects related to other elements is the Risk Assessment. In fact, in regards to Safety evaluation the scope cannot be defined so rigidly and all the elements (truck, bunker barges, receiving ship, onsite storage, etc., need to be assessed as a whole, integrated in the same Bunkering risk on Liquefied natural gas ships assessment and safety zonesrisk assessment, both from an hazard identification perspective and from risk evaluation.

The following parts are covered by EN ISO 20519:

EN ISO 20519 is referred throughout this Guidance as the standard that should serve as a basis for certification, accreditation and quality assurance of all stakeholders. The EN notation is here essential to ensure that, at least in the EU, the standard is incorporated by all EU Member States as a national standard.

This standard represents an instrument of direct support to the IGF Code, providing the frame for implementation of IGF Section 18.4 provisions on bunkering operations.

As mentioned above, this International Standard shares some significant parts that were already known from ISO/TS 18683 (e. g. the parts on determination of safety zones, transfer system functional requirements, and requirements for training and documentation). It is important to note that these two ISO documents currently co-exist in the frame of LNG Bunkering. It is typical of the ISO development process for a Technical Specification to be developed as a first step towards an International Standard. In this regard, it has been suggested that the ISO/TS may be withdrawn at a later stage. For the purposes of this Guidance, the two instruments are considered valid and complementary. In the next page, ISO 18683 is summarized.

ISO/TS 18683

ISO/TS 18683 – Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships (Technical Specification published 15-1-2015).

ISO/TS 18683:2015 gives guidance on the minimum requirements for the design and operation of the LNG bunkering facility, including the interface between the LNG supply facilities and receiving ship. It provides requirements and recommendations for operator and crew competency training, for the roles and responsibilities of the ship crew and bunkering personnel during LNG bunkering operations, and the functional requirements for equipment necessary to ensure safe LNG bunkering operations of LNG fuelled ships. It covers LNG bunkering from shore or ship LNG supply facilities, and addresses all operations required such as inerting, gassing up, cooling down, and loading.

The objective of this Technical Specification is to provide guidance for the planning and design of the following and thereby ensuring that an LNG fuelled ship can refuel with a high level of safety, integrity, and reliability:

• bunkering facility;
• ship/bunkering facility interface;
• procedures for connection and disconnection;
• monitoring procedures during bunkering;
• emergency shutdown interface;
• LNG bunkering process control.

The LNG bunkering interface is for the first time scoped and defined in ISO/TS 18683, being defined as the area of LNG transfer and includes manifold, valves, safety and security systems and other equipment, and the personnel involved in the LNG bunkering operations.

The ISO/TS 18683:2015 thus defines the overall philosophies of designs and operations relevant to LNG bunkering and suggests a list of 24 functional requirements, whilst addressing safety by outlining 3 (three) layers of defence to ensure safe operations. The 3 layers of defence are defined as follows:

The structure of functional requirements, summarized in Annex C of ISO/TS 18683, and transcribed in table 2 below, defines the basic functions that need to be accomplished by any designed solution for LNG bunkering, both in terms of equipment and procedures.

As it can be seen in the table above, both ISO/TS 18683 and EN ISO 20519 share provisions that relate to the same functional requirements outlined in the first Technical Specification. There is however a difference that should be noted.

ISO/TS 18683 is more a standard to assist in the design of the LNG Bunkering solution, whilst EN ISO 20519 is more focused on the operational aspects of LNG Bunkering. Functional requirements for equipment are addressed in both.

The most significant difference between the two documents is the contents related to the safety philosophy and provisions on Risk Assessment that are in ISO/TS 18683, but not in EN ISO 20519. Whilst the first document, as a technical specification, list requirements for Risk Assessment, of a more prescriptive nature, the second outlines very briefly the objective for the Risk Assessment, listing the minimum conditions that should be observed and documented for that exercise. In actual terms EN ISO 20519 does not prescribe any methodology, nor does it explain which approach should be followed for the Risk Assessment. It leaves room, in this way, for Risk Assessments to be developed in strict response to requirements from specific national/local competent authorities. EN ISO 20519 paragraph 6.3.4 a) If the risk assessment is being performed to meet a requirement set by national or local authorities that have jurisdiction over the safety and security where the bunkering operation will take place, the assessment methodology used should conform to requirements set by the authorities.x On the other hand, ISO/TS 18683 requires risk assessments to be agreement with recognized standards, such as ISO 31010, ISO 17776, and ISO 16901 ISO/TS 18683 section 7.1.x, describing further both “qualitative” and “quantitative” risk assessment approaches, listing for each one the activities they should be comprised of, the study basis and the elements that should be present the different approaches.

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The Risk Assessment approaches, as described in ISO/TS 18683, together with the concepts outlined for risk matrix and for possible risk criteria to adopt, provide examples that, together with ISO 31010, ISO 17776 and ISO 16901, can be considered as relevant references in the context of risk assessment of bunkering LNG as fuel for ships. Notwithstanding this, the matrix given in Annex A, Figure A-1 should deserve careful reflection before its use in the context of bunkering LNG as fuel for ships. Due to:

1. little/insufficient experience of bunkering LNG as fuel for ships (let alone by a single operator);
2. and a poor categorisation suitable to the estimation of high-consequence, low-probability events (especially as there is little experience) it would be better to simply state that examples of risk criteria are given and their applicability needs to be agreed with stakeholders.

Other industry best practice references, national safety legislation or others may also be relevant, especially with regards to the definition of the applicable risk criteria (Annex-A of ISO/TS 18683 provides only an example which is non-binding or compulsory, even if the standard is made mandatory through any legal reference). As regards LNG bunkering, this technical specification remain the reference for the main risk assessment concepts, not outlined as a standard but more as a technical frame that should be taken into account when preparing, conducting, reporting and evaluating risk studies that are required as support tools to the development of LNG bunkering solutions.

The above considerations, in the context of ISO/TS 18683, are relevant to underline that EN ISO 20519 should not be regarded as a replacement for this technical specification, or as its evolution. ISO/TS 18683 is still valid, especially with regards to the aspects related to Risk Assessment, with a very significant list of possible hazardous scenarios that need to be considered, with an outline of minimum requirements and methodologies explained. EN ISO 20519, on the same subject of risk assessment, takes the route of suggesting that the risk assessment methodology should be the one prescribed by the competent/local authority where the permitting is being sought from. This is also found to be highly relevant but leading to considerations on how prepared are competent authorities to prescribe actual methodologies or, even, in some cases, to have clearly defined risk criteria.

Guidelines

The present section provides an overview of available guidelines on LNG bunkering that have been the main support references in the development of LNG bunkering solutions. ISO/TS 18683 and EN ISO 20519 are included.

A summary of existing guidelines and best practice references is included in table 3 below, representing what are today the best industry-recognized references to assist LNG bunkering operations.

Table 3. Guidelines on LNG Bunkering
Document		By	Short description
	ISO/TS 18683:2015 Guidelines for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships	ISO	ISO Technical Specification including:
			Functional Requirements specified for LNG bunkering equipment and operations.
			Risk Assessment methods, requirements and risk acceptance criteria example
			Functional design requirements.
			Safety Distances calculation.
			(See section 3.3 for description on this ISO Technical Specification)
	EN ISO 20519 – Specification for bunkering of liquefied natural gas fuelled vessels	ISO	EN ISO 20519 represents the most recent ISO development regarding LNG Bunkering, not intended to replace ISO/TS 18683. It actually shares some important parts with that previous instrument, remarkably the part on Controlled Zones.
			EN ISO 20519 includes:
			Transfer System Design – functional design requirements.
			LNG Bunkering responsibilities and operational aspects, including LNG bunkering process definition.
			Management system/Incorporation of EN ISO 20519 into other quality standard.
			Minimum requirements for Risk Assessment.
			(See section 4.3 for description on this ISO International Standard)
	IACS Rec 142 LNG Bunkering Guidelines	IACS	This guideline provides recommendations for the responsibilities procedures and equipment required for LNG bunkering operations and sets harmonized minimum baseline recommendations for bunkering risk assessment, equipment and operations.
			IACS Rec.142 is, in practice, the result of a dedicated Working Group with experts from different Classification Societies, bringing together several references to existing guidelines/material into one document.
			This instrument is designed to complement the requirements from the existing applicable guidelines and regulations, such as port and terminal checklists, operator’s procedures, industry guidelines and local regulations. This guide provides guidance to clarify the gaps that have been identified in the existing guidance and regulations.
			In particular, the following items are covered:
			The responsibility of different parties involved in the LNG transfer,
			The LNG bunkering process,
			SIMOPS
			Safety distances,
			QRA and HAZID
			It has been today reflected integrally into the 2nd Version of the SGMF Bunkering Guidelines.
	SGMF LNG Bunkering Guidelines Safety Guidelines Version 1 February 2015 Version 2 April 2017	SGMF	The Society for Gas as a Marine Fuel (SGMF) launched the first version of the SGMF Guidelines in February 2015, representing an important milestone in the efforts by different industry stakeholders to lay down best practice guidance that could support the safe development of LNG Bunkering operations.
			SGMF Safety Guidelines for LNG bunkering include the following parts:
			LNG Hazards, with an extensive description of potential hazards that have to be considered when addressing safety in LNG bunkering operations.
			Safety Systems, with:
			Description of Organization for LNG bunkering and the roles and responsibilities of those involved in the preparation and execution of operations.
			Communications
			Hazardous Areas
			Safety and Security Zones
			Cryogenic Protection
			Prevention of Ignition
			Emergency Systems
			Fire-fighting
			Bunkering Procedure, addressing the different processes in LNG Bunkering, from Compatibility Assessment to Post-Bunkering disconnection.
			Situation specific guidance, with considerations on the different types of LNG bunkering modes that are possible. Apart from the LNG bunkering specific aspects, the SGMF Guidelines are also important in compiling a good number of LNG equipment, procedural and technical aspects which are directly imported from good contribution and experience from the LNG industry. A recent revision of the SGMF Safety Guidelines for LNG Bunkering took place in 2017, having incorporated the IACS Rec. 142 LNG Bunkering Guidelines. Other SGMF publications cover areas such as LNG Metering and Custody Transfer, with a separate set of Guidelines to assist in the more commercial side of LNG bunkering.
	IAPH LNG Bunkering Check-Lists Check-lists for: Truck-to-Ship Ship-to-ship Port-to-Ship	IAPH	IAPH’s WPCI LNG working group has developed harmonized LNG bunker checklists for known LNG bunkering scenarios: ship-to-ship, shore-to-ship and truck-to-ship. These checklists reflect the extra requirements of ports with regard to LNG bunkering operations in or near their port environment. By using bunkering checklists, a high level of quality and responsibility of the LNG bunker operators can be ensured. Implemented harmonized bunker checklists will be of great benefit to the vessels bunkering LNG in different ports, as this will reduce the potential for confusion caused by having to comply with different rules and regulations in different ports.
			The IAPH check-lists are not guidelines themselves; nevertheless they are highly relevant references in establishing a quality structure, defining a procedural framework that can be used, with or without adaptations by all stakeholders involved in the LNG Bunkering process.
			In Annex-B of this Guidance the IAPH check-lists are included, adapted to include the relevant actions by the Port Authority when authorizing, overviewing or evaluating LNG bunkering operations.
	DNV-GL Recommended Practice G105 DNVGL-RP-105 Development and operation of liquefied natural gas bunkering facilities	DNV-GL	DNVGL-RP-G105 provides guidance to the industry on development, organizational, technical, functional and operational issues in order to ensure global compatibility and secure a high level of safety, integrity and reliability for LNG bunkering facilities, throughout all its life-cycle. The functional requirements provided in this RP are in line with, but elaborate on, ISO/TS 18683 Guideline for systems and installations for supply of LNG as fuel to ships.
			“LNG Bunkering Facilities” in the context of this document is the ship/facility interface where LNG bunkering is intended to take place or is taking place.
			The term may be used for any of the bunker scenarios terminal-to-ship, truck-to-ship or ship-to-ship.
			The main topics covered by this RP are as follows:
			Development of LNG bunkering facilities
			Risk assessments for LNG bunkering facilities
			Safety management system (SMS) requirements
			Operation of LNG bunkering facilities
			Determination of the quantity and properties of the supplied LNG.
	Bureau Veritas’ guidelines on LNG bunkering July 2014 Guidance Note NI 618 DT R00 E	Bureau Veritas	BV’s Guidance on LNG Bunkering NI 618 provides recommendations on LNG bunkering, focusing on the framework to be established with port authorities and bunkering organizations before any commercial operation, conditions to be observed before, during and after each bunkering operation, management of emergency situations and the training of staff involved in bunkering operations.
			These guidelines aim to give ports, terminals, LNG suppliers and ship owners’ confidence to proceed. The document is not about specifying the equipment (which is assumed to be done by the ISO), it is talking about managing the risks and getting the procedures and people part of this right. The BV guidelines do not cover design arrangements, specific operational limitations and safety distances; this is assumed to be addressed elsewhere. The BV DNV-GL, guidelines are therefore more serving as an overview and guidance document rather than practical operational guidelines. Annex 2 of the document however provides guidelines for developing LNG bunkering procedures.
	ABS LNG Bunkering Technical and Operational Advisory	ABS	This Advisory has been developed in order to respond to the need for better understanding by members of the maritime industry of the issues involved with bunkering vessels with natural gas. It is intended to provide guidance on the technical and operational challenges of LNG bunkering operations both from the bunker vessel’s perspective (or land-side source) and from the receiving vessel’s perspective. Some of the key areas that are addressed in this Advisory are critical design issues, methods of analysis, and current thinking on possible solutions to the requirements of regulations and safe practice, as well as important areas of operational process, training and safeguards.
			The following sections are included in the Advisory:
			– General Information on LNG – General Considerations for – LNG Bunkering Key – Characteristics of LNG and – Tank Capacity for Bunkering – Vessel Compatibility – Operational Issues Aboard the Receiving Ship – Special Equipment Requirements Aboard the Receiving Ship – LNG Storage Tanks and Systems for Monitoring and Control of Stored LNG:
			Operational and Equipment Issues from the Supplier Side
			Bunker Operations
			Commercial Issues and Custody Transfer
			Regulatory Framework
			Safety and Risk Assessments
			List of Guidance Documents and Suggested References.

The table above includes a list of standards, guidelines and references containing requirements and best practices regarding equipment, safety, procedures and other aspects related to LNG bunkering.

They are the best references today where industry experience has resulted in a comprehensive collection of provisions to support the safe development of LNG bunkering facilities and operations, providing the framework for efficient and safe bunkering. They put forward requirements with regard to safety management, operational procedures and minimum safeguards to prevent accidents and/or mitigate the consequences. A structured way to discuss the quality and the completeness of the LNG bunkering guidelines listed above has been used in the EU LNG Study, by DNV-GL, where the different categories of items are structured in a systematic approach. The approach used is the Structured What-If Checklist (SWIFT) technique (DNV-GL trademark). The SWIFT study technique has been developed as an efficient technique for providing effective hazards identification. SWIFT is a systems-oriented technique which examines systems, subsystems or activities.x

It will be interesting: LNG Bunkering Guide – What It Is and How to Use It

The LNG Regulatory Framework International and European Maritime Safety OverviewLNG bunkering guidelines presented in Table 3 are now compared to assist PAAs whenever referring to existing guidance/best practice documents. Where and how complete the information can be found is the objective of the analysis and comparative exercise.

Table 4, below, lists and details the categories and criteria used to compare the different instruments.

Table 4, using the categories presented below, makes a comparison of topics addressed in the different procedures & guidelines (the IAPH checklist is not included in the table).

The level of detail of how these topics are addressed can differ significantly between the different documents. It is advisable therefore to use the published guidelines as a first informative resource to gain background on technology, equipment requirements and procedures. How the Guidelines, altogether, can be used will depend mainly on the following factors:

• Agreement between all parties involved (BSO, RSO, Terminal, Competent Authority(ies).
• Prescription of specific Guidelines by local regulations.
• Technology development.

Guidelines are also very different in nature. Whilst ISO/TS 18683 establishes functional requirements for equipment and procedural aspects, the SGMF Safety Guidelines for LNG bunkering are more of an operations guide, in support of operations control/management in the LNG bunkering interface. It is important to use the relevant guidelines for the relevant aspects of LNG bunkering. None of the instruments listed can be considered complete and, following the very nature of guidance documents, they aim to provide orientation in particular aspects of LNG bunkering equipment design, operations, competencies and training.

Other References

Having listed high-level instruments in section “High Level Instruments”, International Standards in section “Standards” and Guidelines in section “Guidelines”, the present section includes further references considered relevant in the context of LNG bunkering. Table 6, below, includes a list of references which are considered important to either address the whole, or part, of the LNG bunkering process. Study reports, including relevant analysis and findings, national/local/port regulations, industry guidance on specific equipment or operational aspects, are some of the documents presented in the table.

Author

Olga Nesvetailova

Freelancer

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